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Gunfighter John Wesley Hardin was one of the most notorious killers to come out of the Old West (while staying overnight at a hotel, he was awakened by the snoring of a man in the next room; Hardin reached over, grabbed his pistol and fired a shot through the wall, killing the man). He was a Southerner who harbored a deep hatred of blacks; the first man he is known to have killed, when he was 15, was black, and while fleeing the law for that murder he shot and killed at least one, and possibly four, Union soldiers, most of them black, who were attempting to arrest him.

Hardin later got a job herding cattle on the Chisholm Trail, but the combination of his white-hot temper, a quick draw and the prodigious amounts of alcohol he regularly imbibed resulted in his killing at least seven men along the way; when the herd arrived in Abilene, KS, he got into more gunfights, resulting in three more deaths. He returned to Texas soon afterwards, got married and settled down to raise a family (he had three children), but he soon reverted to his old ways, adding four more murders to his total, before being captured by a county sheriff. Although jailed, he soon broke out and was on the run again.

His hatred of Northerners in general and blacks in particular caused him to become involved in a political battle between pro- and anti-Reconstruction forces in Texas (he naturally took the side of the latter) in 1873 and he killed a former State Police officer who led the pro-Reconstruction forces. In 1874 he murdered a sheriff's deputy in Brown County, TX. The deputy was well liked, and it roused the fury of the locals, who formed a lynch mob. The mob actually lynched three men for the murder, none of whom had anything to do with it but all of whom were related to Hardin, which is why they were hanged; by this time Hardin had managed to flee to Florida (his wife and parents remained safe in protective custody). In 1877 he was captured in Pensacola, FL, by Texas Rangers (during his stay in Florida he was suspected of at least one and probably five more murders). He was tried for the Brown County deputy's murder in 1878 and sentenced to 25 years in prison, but only served 16 years before being pardoned in 1894. While in prison he had studied law, and after his release he was admitted to the Texas bar.

In 1895 Hardin testified as a defense witness in a murder trial in El Paso, and after the trial was over he decided to stay in that city and open up a law practice. Although he tried to remain "straight" after becoming a lawyer, he was--almost inevitably--drawn back to his old ways by his pride and a return to the heavy drinking he had once been known for. On top of that, El Paso Constable John Selman Sr., an outlaw in his own right, had an ongoing conflict with Hardin; Selman's son, a lawman, had attempted to arrest a female acquaintance of Hardin's and was pistol-whipped by Hardin for his trouble. Seething over Hardin's beating of his son, Selman entered the Acme Saloon where Hardin often played dice. The bustle of the saloon allowed Selman to enter unnoticed by Hardin. He got behind Hardin and shot him several times, although the first one actually killed him. Like many of the legendary figures of the old west, Hardin had met a violent end from someone who hadn't the courage to face him man-to-man and shot him in the back. It was said that in his last moments, even though slowed own by age and without the advantage of his youthful quick reactions, Hardin still managed to reach for his pistol before he died, although not aware of who it was who had shot him.

In the end, he died as he had lived--by the gun.

Alexandre Dumas fils was born on 27 July 1824 in Paris, France. He was a writer, known for Traviata '53 (1953), Camille (1921) and Zorro: New Orleans (2020). He was married to Henriette Régnier de la Briére and Baroness Nadejda "Nadine" (von Knorring) Naryschkine. He died on 27 November 1895 in Marly-le-Roi, Yvelines, France.

Nikolai Leskov was born in 1831, in Gorokhovo, Orel province, Russia. His parents belonged to Russian gentry and owned an estate with serfs. He was a Gymnasium student until the age of 15. In 1846 his father died and a disastrous fire destroyed the family estate and ruined him financially. Leskov served as a court clerk in Orel and in Kiev. In 1853 he married Olga Smirnova; they had two children and separated in 1860. His job at an English firm made him travel to remote regions of Russia, where he also collected the material for his writings.

Leskov absorbed the knowledge of the folk traditions and legends from his childhood. His exposure to vernacular speech of peasants has marked his highly original literary style. His writing career began in St. Petersburg, where he settled in 1861. Leskov published short stories with moderate liberal messages. His travels in Europe strengthened his opposition to the conservatives in Russia. His first novel "Nowhere" (Nekuda, 1864) was written in Prague. Leskov was critical of the Russian Orthodox Church for its rigid conservatism and it's corrupt clerics. His views caused him a loss of many publishing contracts, but Leskov was consistent in his independent position. He joined Lev Tolstoy in a call for separation of Church and State. That caused his dismissal after 10 years of exemplary work for the Imperial Department of Education. At that time he lived in a civil union with Katherina Bubnova. They had a son, Andrei Leskov, who became his biographer, and the keeper of the writer's archive.

Leskov was a master of colloquial Russian. He investigated the dark and mysterious sides of passion in "Lady Makbeth of Mtsensk" (1865). He explored religious piety of an Orthodox monk in "Enchanted Wanderer" (Zacharovanny Strannik, 1873). Leskov made literary portraits of the corrupt and drunk clerics of the Orthodox Church, weird revolutionaries, and terrible social conditions in Russia. His truthfulness triggered attacks on the writer from all parties, and he almost became a literary outcast. His masterpiece "Lefty" (The Tale of Cross-eyed Lefty from Tula and the Steel Flea, 1881) was highly regarded by Maxim Gorky and Anton Chekhov, who considered Leskov his teacher. Conservative Russian press labeled Leskov a heretic for his vegetarianism, "organic life philosophy" and "love of the world". He was the disciple of Lev Tolstoy. Leskov died of a rare form of breast cancer that affects men. He was buried at the Volkovo Cemetery in St. Petersburg, Russia.

He was a German social scientist, author, political theorist, philosopher, and father of Marxist theory, together with Karl Marx.

In 1845 he published "The Condition of the Working Class in England", based on personal observations and research in Manchester.

In 1848 he co-authored "The Communist Manifesto" with Karl Marx, and later he supported Marx financially to do research and write "Das Kapital".

After Marx's death, Engels edited the second and third volumes. Additionally, Engels organized Marx's notes on the "Theories of Surplus Value," which he later published as the 'fourth volume' of "Das Kapital".

He has also made important contributions to family economics.

Leopold von Sacher-Masoch was born on 27 January 1836 in Lemberg, Galicia, Austrian Empire [now Lviv, Ukraine]. He was a writer, known for Venus in Fur (2013), Venus in Furs (2012) and Venus in Furs (1994). He was married to Wanda Aurora von Rümelin. He died on 9 March 1895 in Lindheim, Hesse, Germany.

Franz von Suppé was born on 18 April 1819 in Spalato, Dalmatia, Austrian Empire [now Split, Croatia]. He was a writer and composer, known for Sullivan's Travels (1941), Beetlejuice (1988) and Stolen Kisses (1929). He died on 21 May 1895 in Vienna, Austria-Hungary [now Austria].

Lyricist, poet ("Little Boy Blue", "Wynken, Blynken and Nod") newspaper columnist and author, educated at Williams College, Knox College, and the University of Missouri. He began his newspaper work in St. Joseph, Missouri, and then worked in St. Louis, Kansas City, Denver and Chicago between 1883 and 1895. He was an early columnist for the newspaper 'Sharps & Flats' and the Chicago 'Morning News', and he also wrote poems for his columns. Beginning in 1940, his works came under ASCAP, and his poems were later set to music.

Frederick Douglass was born in 1818 in Talbot County, Maryland, USA. He was a writer, known for Frederick Douglass - My Path to Freedom (2024) and What to the American Slave Is the 4th of July? (2013). He was married to Helen Pitts and Anna Murray. He died on 20 February 1895 in Washington, District of Columbia, USA.

Fredrik August Dahlgren was born on 20 September 1816 in Tabergs bruk, Värmland, Sweden. He was a writer, known for Värmlänningarna (1957), Vaermlaenningarna (1932) and Värmlänningarna (1921). He died on 16 February 1895.

Jorge Isaacs was born on 1 April 1837 in Cali, Valle del Cauca, Colombia. He was a writer, known for María (1938), La María (1922) and La María (1972). He was married to Felisa González Umaña. He died on 17 April 1895 in Ibagué, Tolima, Colombia.

Richard Genée was born on 7 February 1823 in Danzig, West Prussia, Kingdom of Prussia [now Gdansk, Pomorskie, Poland]. He was a writer, known for The Beggar Student (1956), The Beggar Student (1931) and Die Fledermaus (1931). He was married to Emilie L'Orange. He died on 15 June 1895 in Baden, Lower Austria, Austria-Hungary.

Aloys Martin Kunc was born on 1 January 1832 in Cintegabelle, Haute-Garonne, France. He was married to Françoise Henriette Dargein. He died on 7 March 1895 in Toulouse, France.

Viktor Rydberg was born on 18 December 1828 in Jönköping, Jönköpings län, Sweden. He was a writer, known for The Wind Is My Lover (1949), Gentlemen (2014) and Noll tolerans (1999). He was married to Susen Emilia Hasselblad. He died on 21 September 1895 in Djursholm, Stockholms län, Sweden.

José Martí was born on 28 January 1853 in Havana, Cuba. He was a writer, known for Just Cause (1995), White Chicks (2004) and The Damned United (2009). He was married to Carmen Zayas Bazán. He died on 19 May 1895 in Palma Soriano, Cuba.

Samuel Francis Smith was born on 21 October 1808 in Boston, Massachusetts, USA. He died on 16 November 1895 in Boston, Massachusetts, USA.

Manuel Pinheiro Chagas was born on 13 November 1842 in Lisbon, Portugal. He was a writer, known for La mantilla de Beatriz (1946) and A Morgadinha de Valflor (1923). He died on 8 April 1895 in Lisbon, Portugal.

George Frederick Root was born on 30 August 1825 in Sheffield, Massachusetts, USA. George Frederick was married to Mary Olive Woodman. George Frederick died on 6 August 1895 in Bailey Island, Maine, USA.

Freytag studied German in Breslau from 1835, and a year later he moved to the University of Berlin. In 1838 he received his doctorate from the classical philologist Karl Lachmann. phil. He began successful attempts at poetry while still a student. The following year, in 1839, he completed his habilitation with his work on the medieval poet Hrotsvit von Gandersheim. He then worked as a private lecturer in German language and literature in Breslau until 1844. The only twenty-three-year-old came to this position through his good relationship with his teacher, the poet and literary historian A. H. Hoffmann, better known as Hoffmann von Fallersleben. He resigned from this post due to professional differences. Gustav Freytag became a professional journalist and writer. Together with the literary historian Julian Schmidt, Freytag edited the national liberal magazine "Die Grenzboten" from 1848 onwards. In addition to political education, the literary program of the realistic representation principle was also pursued. He carried out this journalistic activity until 1870.

The liberal-minded Gustav Freytag often addressed the social problems of his time. Among other things, he was a co-founder of a charitable association for needy weavers. In 1854 he was appointed court councilor by Duke Ernst II of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha. In the period from 1867 to 1870 he was a member of the Reichstag of the North German Confederation for the National Liberals. He experienced the war of 1870/1871 as a journalist. In 1881 he moved to Wiesbaden. Freytag's view of poetry was linked to the quality of the popular, which is evident, for example, in the volume of poems "In Breslau" (1845) and in his close association with Berthold Auerbach, a writer of village stories. As a playwright, Gustav Freytag celebrated his first success in 1844 with the comedy "The Bride's Journey, or Kunz von der Rosen", which received an award from the Royal Theater in Berlin. Other comedies followed, such as "The Journalists", which premiered in 1852 and gave him his greatest theatrical success. The piece refers to contemporary politics and tells of the connection between private and public conflict situations.

Freytag was appointed to the Schiller Prize Commission in Berlin. In the tragedy "The Fabians" (1959) he realized his own dramatic technique, which he later, in 1863, wrote down in the work "Technology of Drama". The author's conception of drama is based on the ancient and classical movement. In his novels he romanticized the bourgeois society of his time. The title "Debit and Credit" is his best-known narrative work, which is about the world of merchants, but in a deeper sense contains a social snapshot of the Wilhelminian era. The action of the scholarly novel "The Lost Handwriting" takes place in the educated middle class. Based on a family history in the six-volume novel series "The Ancestors", the chronological sequence of the German people from the Teutons to Freytag's present is traced. The work was published after the second German empire, which Freytag welcomed. To do this, he used his own five-volume cultural-historical work "Images from the German Past" (1859-1867) as a template.

Above all, Freytag made a name for himself as a popular author of contemporary German civil society with the successful novels "Debit and Credit", "The Lost Handwriting" and "The Ancestors", in which he carried out a literary transfiguration in a realistic style. His other works include "De initiis scenicae poesis apud Germanos" (1838), "Die Valentine" (1847), "Karl Mathy. Story of his life" (1869) and "Collected Works" (1886-1888).

Gustav Freytag died on April 30, 1895 in Wiesbaden.

Friedrich Zell was born on 11 February 1829 in Magdeburg, Kingdom of Prussia [now Germany]. He was a writer, known for Die Dubarry (1951), A Night in Venice (1953) and Gasparone (1937). He died on 17 March 1895 in Vienna, Austria-Hungary [now Austria].

Louis Pasteur was born on 27 December 1822 in Dole, France. He died on 28 September 1895 in Villeneuve l'Étang, France.

Camillo Walzel was born on 11 February 1829 in Magdeburg, Germany. He was a writer, known for Only One Night (1939), Musical TV Theater (1970) and Ryska snuvan (1937). He died on 17 March 1895 in Vienna, Austria.

Elizabeth Ann Everest was employed as the children's nurse for Winston Churchill and his younger brother, Jack. She went into service in early 1875, a few months after Winston's birth, and remained with the Churchill family until 1893.

She was Winston's primary emotional support for the first decades of his life. The young Winston spent far more time with his nanny, than he did with his mother. Mrs. Everest taught him reading, writing, and basic mathematics, she also influenced his religious views.

Best remembered by his famous novel "O Ateneu", a mixture of autobiography and fiction that tells about his school year during the first years of adolescence, Raul Pompéia is highly regarded as one of the most important writers of the classic Brazilian literature.

He was born in Rio de Janeiro in a household of means. At age 11, his father sent him to the aristocratic school institution Colégio Abílio - which formed the basis for his future novel "O Ateneu". In 1880, at age 17 he wrote his first novel "Uma Tragédia no Amazonas", which went unnoticed by the public. Some time later he goes to the law school at Faculdade do Largo São Francisco, in São Paulo. His conflicting and progressive ideas in favor of abolishing slavery and the end of monarchy isn't seen with good eyes by the academics, so he's constantly failed in exams again and again...but gained some friends too such as Luis Murat, an intellectual with similar thoughts. Later on, he moves to another law school, graduates but never actually works as a lawyer. Instead, he takes several positions in many newspapers and it is in one of those, he publishes "O Ateneu" as a chronic. In the following years, it became a full acclaimed novel.

Now with a formed Republic and no longer a monarchy, Pompéia is chosen to be chairman of the Academia de Belas Artes (Fine Arts Academy). But due to constant rivalry and fights between sections supporting former first Brazilian president Deodoro da Fonseca and the then president Floriano Peixoto, that meant Pompéia wouldn't have an easy term while securing the art projects in Brazil, since he was truly loyal to Peixoto and because of that he gained many enemies and lost several friends. By that time, he was the director of National Library. When Floriano Peixoto died, Raul Pompéia made an inflamed speech honoring the man during his funeral which enraged the crowd and the supporters of the new Brazilian president Prudente de Moraes, who followed a similar line as the first leader. In 1895 he was fired from his position at the library, and to add to it, he was publicly humiliated by a critical article written by his old friend Luis Murat. A severely depressed Pompéia committed suicide on Christmas day at age 32.

The novel that brought him acclaim was made into a TV series in 1979 Memórias de Amor (1979).

Jose Marti was a writer, known for Dieu seul me voit (1998), Dos Patrias (2017) and Summer of the Colt (1989). Jose was married to Carmen Zayas Bazán. Jose died on 19 May 1895 in Dos Ríos, Captaincy General of Cuba, Spanish Empire.

Frederic Soler was born on 9 October 1839 in Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain. He was a writer, known for Don Jaume, el conquistador (1994), Teatro catalán (1964) and Lletres catalanes (1974). He died on 4 July 1895 in Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.